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Delta Neutral Trading - Definition
An option position which is relatively insensitive to small price movements of the underlying stock due
to having near zero or zero delta value.
Delta Neutral Trading - In Layman Terms
In layman terms, delta neutral trading is the construction of positions that do not react to small changes in the price of the underlying stock.
No matter if the underlying stock goes up or down, the position maintains it's value and neither increases nor decreases in price. In option trading,
this is also known as Delta Neutral Hedging. In order to understand delta neutral trading, you must first learn what is
Delta Value and other option greeks. Delta Neutral Trading and Delta Neutral Hedging
are excellent strategies made possible only by the use of options, thus enhancing the value of option trading.
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Delta Neutral Trading and Delta Neutral Hedging are only for option traders who wants completely no directional risk nor bias. A trader who wants
only to protect against downside losses while keeping the profits open for upside gains should use Contract Neutral Hedging instead. A comprehensive
understanding of delta neutral trading and delta neutral hedging is also a pre-requisite skill for all market makers.
Delta Neutral Trading - Terms And Jargon
An option contract with 0.5 delta value is referred to as having "50 deltas" (each contract represents 100 stocks, so 0.5 x 100 = 50).
100 shares is referred to as having "100 deltas" as each share has a delta value of 1.
Being long 100 deltas means that if the underlying stock moves up by $1, the position gains $100 and if the stock moves down
by $1, the position loses $100. A position that is long
50 deltas means that if the underlying stock moves up by $1, the position gains $50 and if the stock moves down by $1,
the position loses $50. Being delta neutral or 0 delta, means that the
position value neither goes up nor down with the underlying stock. Understanding delta is therefore the most important fundamental option trading knowledge.
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There are 2 forms of delta neutral hedging, known as Static Delta Hedging and Dynamic Delta Hedging. Static Delta Hedging means
setting a position to zero delta and then leave it to unwind on its own. Dynamic Delta Hedging is to continuously resetting the delta
of a position to zero.
Delta Neutral Trading - Option Only Example
An At The Money (ATM) call option has a delta value of 0.5 and
an ATM put option also has a delta value of -0.5. Buying both the call option and put option results in a delta neutral position with 0 delta value.
0.5 (call option) - 0.5 (put option) = 0 Delta
Buying both the call option and put option at the same strike price is a popular delta neutral option trading strategy, called a
Long Straddle,
profiting when the underlying stock moves up or down significantly.
Delta Neutral Trading - Option + Stock Example
A share has a delta value of 1 as it's value rises by $1 for every $1 rise in the stock. If you own 100 shares of a stock, you can
attain a delta neutral position by buying 2 contracts of it's at the money put options with delta value of -50 per contract.
100 (delta value of 100 shares) - 100 (2 x 50) = 0 Delta
Any small drop in the price of the shares will be instantly offset by a rise in the value of the put options. Any small rise in the price
of the shares will also be offset by a drop in the value of the put options. This is an extremely popular option trading technique used by
option traders who owns shares to protect the value of that position when the stock reaches a strong resistance level.
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This is a good option trading technique for option traders who holds shares for the long term to hedge against drops along the way.
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Delta Neutral Trading - Purpose
There are 2 purposes for going delta neutral on a position and are favorite option trading techniques of veteran or institutional option traders.
I call them Delta Neutral Trading and Delta Neutral Hedging.
1. Delta Neutral Trading - To Make A Profit
Delta Neutral Trading is capable of making a profit without taking any directional risk. This means that a delta neutral trading position
can profit when the underlying stock stays stagnant or when the underlying stock rallies or
ditches strongly. This is fulfilled in 4 ways :
1. By the bid ask spread of the option. This is a technique only option trading
market makers can execute, which is
simply buying at the bid price and immediately selling at the ask price, creating a net delta zero transaction and profiting from the bid/ask spread
with no directional risk at all.
2. By time decay. When a position is delta neutral, having 0 delta value,
it is not affected by the underlying stock movements, but it is still affected by time decay as the premium value of the options involved continue to
decay. An option trading position can be set up to take advantage of this time decay and one such example is the
Short Straddle which profits
if the underlying stock remains stagnant or moves up and down insignificantly.
3. By Volatility. By executing a delta neutral position,
one can profit from a change in volatility with no directional risk when the underlying stock moves. This option trading strategy is extremely
useful when implied volatility is expected to change drastically soon.
4. By creating volatile option trading strategies. Even though delta neutral
positions are not affected by small changes in the underlying stock, it can still profit from large, significant moves.
One example of such an option trading strategy is the Long Straddle
which we mentioned above. This is because a typical delta neutral position is still Gamma positive, which increases position delta in the
direction of the move, allowing the position to profit in either direction.
2. Delta Neutral Hedging - To Protect Position
Delta Neutral Hedging is an options trading technique used to protect a position from short term price swings. This is particularly useful for long term stocks or LEAPs option
buy and hold strategy. The advantage of using delta neutral hedging is that it not only protects your position from small price changes during times of
uncertainty such as near resistance or support levels, but it also enables your position to continue to profit from that point onwards if the stock
rises or falls strongly.
Example of Delta Neutral Hedging For Stocks -
John owned and held 1000 shares of Microsoft for $27 per share on 14 March 2007. On 14 May, when Microsoft was trading at $31,
John determined that a resistance level has been reached
and wanted to perform a delta neutral hedge against a short term price change while being able to profit should MSFT rally or ditch strongly from this point.
John bought 20 contracts of July31put to execute the delta neutral hedge.
1000 (delta of 1000 shares) - 1000 (delta of 20 contracts of at the money put options) = 0 delta
If MSFT rallies strongly from this point onwards, the put options simply expire worthless while the stocks continue to gain in value, allowing
the position to continue profiting after the cost of the put options has been offset by the rise in the stock price.
If MSFT ditches from this point onwards, the put options will eventually gain in price faster than the stocks as 20 contracts represents 2000 stocks
of MSFT, allowing the position to profit as long as MSFT continues to fall.
A delta neutral hedging for stocks actually creates a Synthetic Straddle options trading position.
Example of Delta Neutral Hedging For Options -
John owned and held 10 contracts of Microsoft's March 2008 LEAPs call option at the strike price of $20 on 14 March 2007 when MSFT was trading
at $27. On 14 May, when Microsoft was trading at $31, John determined that a resistance level has been reached and wanted to perform a delta neutral
hedge against a
short term price change while being able to profit should MSFT rally or ditch strongly from this point. Assuming the LEAPs call options has
a delta value of 0.8, John bought 16 contracts of July31put to execute the delta neutral hedge.
800 (delta value of LEAPs options) - 800 (delta value of 16 contracts of at the money put options) = 0 delta
If MSFT rallies strongly from this point onwards, the put options simply expire worthless while the LEAPs options continue to gain in value,
allowing the position to continue profiting after the cost of the put options has been offset by the rise in the LEAPs options.
If MSFT ditches from this point onwards, the 16 put options will eventually gain in price faster than the 10 LEAPs call options,
allowing the position to profit as long as MSFT continues to fall.
Delta Neutral Hedging effectively "Locks In" the profits on your long term position right at the point the delta neutral hedge is put in place while
allows you to continue holding your favorite stock or LEAPs. Without delta neutral hedging, the only way you can seal in profits is through selling
the position. Options positions attain delta neutral through hedging based on a hedge ratio of -1.
Delta Neutral Hedging - Step By Step
Delta Neutral Hedging : Step 1 - Determine the total delta value of your current position.
If you are holding 100 shares, then you are long 100 deltas. If you are holding options, then you need to determine the total
delta of your options by multiplying the delta value of each option by the number of options.
If you are holding 10 contracts of call options with 0.5 delta each, then your total delta value is 0.5 x 1000 = 500 deltas.
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Delta Neutral Hedging : Step 2 - Determine the kind of delta neutral hedge needed.
If your position is long deltas, then you will need negative deltas as hedge and if your position is negative deltas, then you will need
long deltas as hedge.
Long call options / Short Put options = Long deltas
Short call options / long put options = Negative deltas
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If your position is long 100 deltas, you will need to produce short 100 deltas in order to result in zero deltas. You can do that
through selling call options or buying put options.
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Delta Neutral Hedging : Step 3 - Determine the total delta value needed to hedge.
After determining what kind of hedge your position needs, you should now work out how many of those hedges you need by
the following formula : (Total Delta Now / 100) / Delta Value Of Chosen Hedge Options
If your position is long 100 deltas, you will need to produce short 100 deltas in order to result in zero deltas.
Assuming both the at the money call options and put options both have 0.5 delta value.
(100/100) / 0.5 = 2 contracts
You can either buy 2 contracts of put options or sell 2 contracts of call options to perform a delta neutral hedge on the position.
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Delta Neutral Hedging - Short Or Long Options?
As you have learnt from above, both short call options and long put options produce negative deltas, so what is the difference between
the two in a delta neutral position? Short call options puts time decay in your favor and results in additional
profits should the underlying stock remain stagnant but it's drawback is that the downside protection it offers is limited to the
price of the short call options. If the underlying stock falls more than the cost of the short call options, your position will start to make a loss. Long
put options offers unlimited downside protection and eventually allows the position to profit should the
underlying stock drop significantly but the drawback is time decay, and can result in a small loss due to the erosion of premium value
should the underlying
stock stay stagnant.
Delta Neutral Trading - Factors
As we all know, the delta value of stock options changes all the time. Any change in the delta values will affect the delta neutral status of a
delta neutral position. The rate of change of delta value to a change in the underlying stock is governed by the
GAMMA value. Gamma value increases the delta of call options
as the underlying stock rises and increases the delta of put options as the underlying stock falls. It is exactly this gamma effect that allows
a delta neutral position to make a profit no matter if the underlying stock moves up or down strongly. A position can be made to be totally
stagnant no matter how strongly the stock moves if the position is hedged Delta and
Gamma neutral.
Days left to expiration also affects the delta value of out of the money
options. The nearer to expiration, the lower the delta of out of the money options becomes.
Delta Neutral Trading - Dynamic Delta Hedging (Dynamic Hedging)
Delta value in option trading changes all the time due to
Gamma value, moving a delta neutral trading position slowly out of its delta neutral state
and into a directional biased
state. Even though this behavior allows delta neutral trading positions to profit in all directions, in a delta neutral position that is created in order to
take
advantage of volatility or
time decay
without any directional risk, the delta neutral state needs to be continuously maintained and "resetted". This continuous
resetting of an option trading position's delta value to zero is Dynamic Delta Hedging or simply, Dynamic Hedging.
Example of Dynamic Delta Hedging
John wishes to profit from the premium value of XYZ company's Feb $50 Call options. He summons all his option trading knowledge
and decides to perform a delta neutral hedging to eliminate directional risk while selling the Feb $50 Call options in order to reap it's
premium value as profit.
XYZ stocks is $50 now. It's Feb $50 Call options is $2.50 ,delta value 0.5, gamma value 0.087 and theta value -0.077.
Here is John's initial delta neutral position :
Long 100 XYZ shares + Short 2 contracts of Feb50Call.
(100 deltas) + (- 0.5 x 200) = 100 - 100 = 0 delta
John's delta neutral trading position is delta neutral upon execution and will decay at a rate of $15.40 (-0.077 x 200) per day, all else being constant and will eventually make the whole premium
value of $500 ($2.50 x 200) as profit.
5 days later, XYZ stock rose by $1 to $51.
XYZ stocks is $51. Feb $50 Call Options is $3.00, delta value 0.587, gamma value 0.083 and theta value -0.075.
The Feb $50 Call option's delta value rose 0.087 due to the gamma value of 0.087 when the position was established.
John's position becomes :
(100 deltas) + (-0.587 x 200) = 100 - 117.4 = -17.4 deltas
This means that from now on, John's position is no longer delta neutral and will lose $17.40 for every $1 rise in the underlying stock.
John performs Dynamic Delta Hedging or Dynamic hedging.
John buys an additional 17 shares of XYZ stocks through his option tradng broker. His position now becomes:
Long 117 XYZ shares + Short 2 contracts of Feb50Call.
(117 deltas) + (-0.587 x 200) = 117 - 117.4 = -0.4 deltas
Position now is only short 0.4 deltas, which is effectively delta neutral. This is dynamic delta hedging.
As you can see from the above dynamic delta hedging example, such procedure is tedious and requires constant effort and monitoring. This is
why dynamic delta hedging is an option trading technique mostly performed by professional option traders such as
market makers. Again, in order to protect the position
from wide swings in the underlying stock in between the dynamic rebalancing of the delta neutral position, the position can also be
constructed to be gamma neutral as well.
Delta Neutral Trading - Mathematics
Delta Neutral Portfolio = n1D1 + n2D2 = 0
Where D1 = Delta value of the original options. D2 = Delta value of
hedging options. n1 = Amount of original options. n2 = Amount of hedging options.
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