Ratio Spreads - Introduction
Almost all options strategies are made up of what are known as spreads. Options Spreads are simply simultaneously buying and shorting different
options of the same type on the same underlying stock. For example, Buying a $30 strike Call Option and simultaneously shorting its $33 strike
call option is a spread. Spreads are extremely important in options trading because spreads enable different risk/reward profiles to be created,
giving options trading its legendary versatility. There are many types of spreads namely; Horizontal Spreads, Diagonal Spreads, Vertical Spreads
and Ratio Spreads. This tutorial shall explain what Ratio Spreads are and explore the different types of Ratio Spreads.
Ratio Spreads - Content
What are Ratio Spreads |
Types of Ratio Spreads |
Purpose of Ratio Spreads |
Advantages and Disadvantages
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What are Ratio Spreads?
Ratio Spreads are options spreads that buy and sell an unequal number of options. The term "Ratio" in ratio spreads refers to the fact that the
number of contracts on each leg conforms to a certain ratio. The most common ratio in ratio spreads is having 2 short options to 1 long option,
what we call a 2:1 ratio spread.
In fact,
horizontal spreads,
vertical spreads and
diagonal spreads can also be converted into ratio spreads just by buying and selling an unequal number of contracts.
 Ratio spread is simply a way of classifying options strategies that buys and sells an unequal number of contracts simultaneously. Knowing or not knowing such classification does not actually affect your options trading in anyway.
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Types of Ratio Spreads
There
are 4 main types of ratio spreads; Vertical Ratio Spreads, Horizontal Ratio Spreads, Diagonal Ratio Spreads and Ratio Backspreads.
Vertical Ratio Spreads are the most common type of ratio spreads and are commonly known as Call Ratio Spreads or Put Ratio Spreads. These
spreads, also known as
Bull Ratio Spread and
Bear Ratio Spread, are simply call and put vertical spreads that sells more short options than
long options are bought.
Horizontal Ratio Spreads, also known as Calendar Ratio Spreads, are horizontal spreads that shorts more near term options than long term options
are bought so that the position is established for free or for a net credit.
Diagonal Ratio Spreads, also classified as Calendar Ratio Spreads, are diagonal spreads that shorts more near term options than long term
options are bought so that the position is established for free or for a net credit. There are two main Diagonal Ratio Spreads and they are
Call Diagonal Ratio Spread and
Put Diagonal Ratio Spread.
Ratio Backspreads are Ratio Spreads with more long options than there are short options. Ratio Backspreads are also credit spreads as in the money short options are used instead of out of the money ones. Unlike all the above ratio spreads which are mainly neutral to slightly bullish or slightly bearish options trading strategies, the ratio backspread profits when the underlying stock breaks out strongly to upside or downside.
Call Ratio Backspread and
Put Ratio Backspread are examples of Ratio Backspreads.
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Purpose of Ratio Spreads
The basic aim of Ratio Spreads is to eliminate upfront payment for the long options or even transform debit horizontal, vertical or diagonal
spread positions into
credit spread options trading positions so that the position makes money even when the stock should go into the wrong direction.
When Ratio spreads are put on for a net credit, they become options trading positions that profit 3 ways; When the underlying stock is stagnant, when the underlying stock moves in the favorable direction
slightly and when the underlying stock moves in the disfavorable direction strongly. This is almost as good as profiting no matter what happens and
covers the directional weakness in horizontal, verical and diagonal spreads.
Vertical Ratio Call Spread Example :
Assuming the QQQQ is trading at $44 and its Jan44Calls are bidding for $1.30 while the QQQQ Jan46Calls are asking for $0.30.
A 5 : 1 vertical ratio call spread is set up for a net credit by buying 1 contract of Jan44Calls and shorting 5 contracts of Jan46Calls.
Net credit = ($0.30 x 5) - $1.30 = $1.50 - $1.30 = $0.20
When QQQQ rises to $46, the Jan44Calls will be worth $2.00 while the Jan46Calls expire, producing a profit of $2.00 + $1.50 = $3.50.
When QQQQ remains stagnant or drops lower than $44, both Jan44Calls and Jan46Calls expires worthless producing the net credit of $0.20 as profit.
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This tri-directional profit is unique to Ratio Spreads and is what makes it so powerful. The only problem occurs when the stock moves beyond the
strike price of the short options. When that happens, an unlimited loss results as the short options move faster than the long options. That is
why you should set up a contingent order to close some or all of those short options when the stock reaches their strike price.
Ratio Backspread are a little different as its purpose is to create unlimited profit potential out of a credit volatile options position. All
other credit volatile options strategies have limited profit potential due to their nature as credit spreads but Ratio Backspread is a volatile
options strategies capable of unlimited profit potential when the stock breaks out one way and a limit profit in the other way. In this sense,
it is again a more advanced strategy than conventional volatile options trading strategies.
Advantages of Ratio Spreads
Lowering of margin requirement when shorting near term options.
Capable of profiting in all 3 directions.
Disadvantages of Ratio Spreads
Higher commissions due to additional trades.
Lower maximum profit when putting on credit options trading positions.
Changes maximum profit potential of call or put spreads from unlimited to limited.
Margin is needed when shorting more options than options of the same type are bought.
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