Synthetic Positions - Definition
A combination of stocks and/or options that return the same payoff characteristics of another stock or option position.
Synthetic Positions - Introduction
In the early days of option trading where only call options are publicly traded, option traders who wished to speculate a downwards move while
limiting upside risk need to "create" or emulate the payoff characteristics of a put option through the buying of call options and simultaneously shorting
the underlying stock. The combination of call options and short stocks creates a synthetic put option, or a position with the exact characteristics
of a put option. When the underlying stock drops, the call options eventually expires
out of the money, losing all of its extrinsic value while
the value of the short stock rises. This is exactly the same as holding
put options where its extrinsic value decays away upon expiration leaving
the net profit on the drop of the underlying stock.
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares dropped to $40 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Long Put: John bought 1 contract of Put Options and made ($10 - $3) x 100 = $700.
Synthetic Put: Peter bought 1 contract of Call Options and shorted 100 shares of XYZ and made ($1000 - $300) = $700.
(XYZ shares made $1000 while the $300 spent on the 1 contract of call options expires worthless)
Assuming XYZ shares rallied to $60 upon expiration of the call and put options instead.
Long Put: John's put options expires worthless and loses $300.
Synthetic Put: Peter's XYZ shares lost $1000 while the call options gained $700 ([$10 - $3]x100) for a net loss of $300.
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In the above illustration, the Long Call Option + Short Stocks creates a Synthetic Put Option where the profits and losses are exactly the
same as if Peter bought put options.
In fact, synthetic positions are very widely used and packaged as individual option strategies themselves. The Fiduciary Calls option trading strategy
is in fact, a Synthetic Protective Put option trading strategy! Furthermore, there are many option traders who constantly creates synthetic positions
through their buying of options and stocks without realizing it themselves. Having a comprehensive understanding of Synthetic Positions also allows you
to prevent creating unfavorable Synthetic Positions unknowingly. Completely understanding synthetic positions is a must for every
position traders.
Synthetic Positions - The Synthetic Triangle
A Synthetic Triangle is a simple memory aid used to visualize the synthetic relationship between options and stocks.
What the Synthetic Triangle is saying is, a combination of two elements in the synthetic triangle creates a synthetic position of the
third element. This synthetic triangular relationship is governed by the principle of Put Call Parity.
Synthetic Positions - Basics
There are 6 basic synthetic positions relating to combinations of put options, call options and their underlying stock in accordance to the
synthetic triangle:
1. Synthetic Long Stock = Long Call + Short Put
2. Synthetic Short Stock = Short Call + Long Put
3. Synthetic Long Call = Long Stock + Long Put
4. Synthetic Short Call = Short Stock + Short Put
5. Synthetic Short Put = Short Call + Long Stock
6. Synthetic Long Put = Long Call + Short Stock
In order for the synthetic triangle relationship to work, all options used together must be of the same expiration, strike and represent the
same amount of shares used in combination.
Synthetic Positions - Synthetic Long Stock
Can you create stock out of options? Yes! You can create a synthetic long stock position simply by:
Synthetic Long Stock = Long Call + Short Put
When you buy a stock, you are exposed to unlimited profits and unlimited losses while losing nothing when the stock remains stagnant. A synthetic
long stock completely duplicates those characteristics. The premium gained from the short put covers the premium on the long call (thus losing nothing
if the stock remains stagnant), the call option grants unlimited profits and the short put options introduced the unlimited loss.
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares rises to $60 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Long Stock: John bought 100 shares and made ($6000 - $5000) = $1000.
Synthetic Long Stock: Peter bought 1 contract of Call Options and shorted 1 contract of Put Options and made ($700 + $300) = $1000.
(The call options made $1000 while the put option offsets it's price of $300)
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Synthetic Positions - Synthetic Short Stock
Can you short a stock without really shorting the stock itself? Yes, you can create a synthetic short stock position by:
Synthetic Short Stock = Short Call + Long Put
When you short a stock, you are exposed to unlimited loss and unlimited profit while losing nothing when the stock remains stagnant.
A synthetic short stock completely duplicates those characteristics. The premium gained from the short call covers the premium
on the long put (thus losing nothing if the stock remains stagnant), the long put option grants unlimited profits and the
short call options introduced the unlimited loss.
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares drops to $40 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Short Stock: John shorted 100 shares and made ($5000 - $4000) = $1000.
Synthetic Short Stock: Peter bought 1 contract of Put Options and shorted 1 contract of Call Options and made ($700 + $300) = $1000.
(The Put options made $1000 while the call option offsets it's price of $300)
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Synthetic Positions - Synthetic Long Call
If you are holding a put option or a stock, how can you transform it into a call option without selling your present positions? Simply by
constructing a Synthetic Long Call by:
Synthetic Long Call = Long Stock + Long Put
If you are an experienced option trader, you would be able to immediately tell that the above equation is saying that
Fiduciary Calls = Protective Puts! That's right! That's what this synthetic position is trying to say.
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares rallies to $60 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Long Call: John bought 1 contract of Call Options and made ($1000 - $300) = $700.
Synthetic Long Call: Peter bought 100 shares and bought 1 contract of Put Options and made ($1000 - $300) = $700.
(The shares made $1000 while the put option expires its entire value of $300)
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Synthetic Positions - Synthetic Short Call
If you are holding a short put option or a short stock position, how can you transform it into a short call option position without selling your present positions? Simply by
constructing a Synthetic Short Call by:
Synthetic Short Call = Short Stock + Short Put
When you short a call option, you are exposed to limited profits, unlimited losses and the premium on the call options decay to your advantage. The
short stock contributes the limited downside profits (all the way to $0 so technically unlimited profits to downside) and the short put options limit that profit to the premium decay of the put options
while offsetting part of the loss to upside.
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares drops to $40 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Short Call: John shorted 1 contract of Call Options and made $300.
Synthetic Short Callk: Peter wrote 1 contract of Put Options and shorted 100 shares and made ($1000 - $700) = $300.
(The Put options lost $700 while the shares made $1000)
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Synthetic Positions - Synthetic Short Put
If you are holding short call position and want to participate on an upwards move on that stock without closing your short call position, you can
construct a Synthetic Short Put by:
Synthetic Short Put = Short Call + Long Stock
In a Short Put option position, you are exposed to limited profit to upside and unlimited loss potential while gaining the extrinsic value no matter
what happens. Long Stocks contributes the unlimited loss potential to the synthetic position while the short call limits the potential upside profit.
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares rallies to $60 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Short Put: John shorted 1 contract of Put Options and made $300.
Synthetic Short Putk: Peter wrote 1 contract of Call Options and bought 100 shares and made ($1000 - $700) = $300.
(The Call options lost $700 while the shares made $1000)
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Synthetic Positions - Synthetic Long Put
If you are holding long call position and want to participate on an downwards move on that stock without closing your long call position, you can
construct a Synthetic Long Put by:
Synthetic Long Put = Long Call + Short Stock
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Assuming XYZ shares trading at $50 with $50 strike price Call Option and Put Option trading at $3.00 each.
Assuming XYZ shares drops to $40 upon expiration of the call and put options.
Long Put: John bought 1 contract of Put Options and made $700.
Synthetic Long Putk: Peter bought 1 contract of Call Options and shorted 100 shares and made ($1000 - $300) = $700.
(The Call options lost $300 while the shares made $1000)
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Synthetic Positions - Why Use Synthetic Positions?
Why would anyone create a synthetic long call when they can simply buy call options? In fact, why would anyone use synthetic positions at all
when all the instruments are now available to all option traders? Synthetic positions are useful for option traders who wish to speculate on a
reverse expectation on their current holdings without closing the current holdings. Synthetic positions are also much more flexible than
its equivalent instrument, making it possible to take advantage of changing conditions quicker and at a lower transaction cost.
Synthetic Positions For Reversal Of Expectations
For example, you are short call options,
speculating a moderate drop in the underlying stock. However, recent developments convinced you that the underlying stock could make a moderate upwards
move instead of a moderate downwards move. Instead of closing your short call option position, you could simply
transform it into a synthetic short put position which profits when the underlying stock makes a moderate rally through buying a proportionate
amount of the underlying stock.
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Synthetic Positions For More Flexibility
Synthetic positions allows an option trader to quickly change from one expectation to another without making a complete change to
existing holdings. This makes the change faster and cheaper. From the above example, if the underlying stock continues to go up and is expected to
make a sustained rally,
you would simply transform the synthetic short put position into a long stock position by closing out the short call options.
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If you had simply closed out your short call options and then wrote put options initially, you would now have to close out your
short put options and buy either the underlying stock or a call option right now. Synthetic positions allowed that transition from
a moderate down outlook to a moderate up outlook to a sustained up outlook very smoothly.
Synthetic Positions For Lower Transaction Cost
In the above example, if you had done the conventional method of buying and selling positions, you would have incurred 4 transactions in all:
Write Call ---> Buy Back Call ---> Write Put ---> Buy Back Put ---> Buy Stocks
If you had used synthetic positions instead, you would have incurred only 3 transactions:
Write Call ---> Buy Stocks ---> Buy Back Call
Lesser transactions translates into lower transaction cost, which makes synthetic positions the most cost efficient way of trading in volatile times.
A comprehensive knowledge of synthetic positions allows an option trader to better hedge existing holdings and become more flexible in
taking advantage of short term price anomalies. This is why all Market Makers
need to be completely familar with synthetic positions.
Synthetic Positions - Conversions & Reversals
Conversion & Reversals are important synthetic position concepts pertaining to the closing out of synthetic positions using the actual
financial instrument that they represent in order to both maintain the original position and hedge against short term price movements.
Conversion & Reversals can also be used to take advantage of
options arbitrage opportunities.
Read more about Conversion & Reversal Arbitrage.
Synthetic Positions - Pricing
The principle of Put Call Parity governs the pricing
of synthetic positions, reducing arbitrage opportunities through conversion or reversal.
Synthetic Positions Questions:
What To Do When One Leg of Bull Call Spread Is Assigned?
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It is important to take note here that all options mentioned here are 
